Основы HTML для начинающих. Основы языка WEB программирования HTML Html язык для начинающих

HTML расшифровывается как H yper T ext M arkup L anguage, т.е. язык гипертекстовой разметки — основной строительный блок веб-страниц, используется для создания и визуального представления веб-станиц.

Язык HTML добавляет разметку в обычный текст. Гипертекст содержит различные ссылки благодаря которым веб-страницы связываются между собой. С помощью HTML каждый может создавать как статические так и динимические сайты. HTML является языком, описывающим структуру и семантику содержимого веб-документа. Содержимое веб-страницы размечается с помощью тегов, представляющих HTML-элементы. Примерами таких элементов являются , , и так далее. Эти элементы формируют строительные блоки для любого веб-сайта.

HTML был изобретён в 1991 году учёным, Тимом Бёрнсом-Ли (Tim Berners-Lee), и изначально предназначался для обмена документами между учёными различных университетов. Своим изобретением Тим Бёрнс-Ли заложил основы современной сети Internet.

Существует несколько версий HTML. Стандарт языка непрерывно обновляется и дополняется, следствие этого - почти каждый год выходит новая версия HTML. Версия "HTML 2.0" была первым стандартом HTML спецификации, которая была опубликована в 1995 году. HTML 4.01 является основной версией HTML, которая была опубликована в конце 1999 года, и широко используется в настоящее время. Сегодня наиболее популярной становится версия HTML-5, которая является расширением HTML 4.01, и опубликована в 2012 году.

HTML-документ или веб-страница - это простой текстовый документ, содержащий тэги (которые в свою очередь являются обычным текстом, заключенным в угловые скобки ). Веб-страницу можно набрать как в обычном текстовом редакторе (Блокнот, WordPad, Word и т.д.), так и в специализированном, с подсветкой кода (Notepad++, Sublime Text идр.). Документы HTML хранятся в виде файлов с расширением.htm или.html.

В процессе изложения материала в каждом уроке будут приводиться примеры, которые помогут вам детально разобраться в каждом коде и, благодаря практике, наслаждаться обучением. С помощью нашего онлайн-редактора HTML, вы можете отредактировать HTML-документ, а затем нажмите в редакторе оранжевую кнопку "Выполнить", которая расположена над левым окном редактора, чтобы увидеть результат. Если вы пользуетесь специализированным HTML-редактором, то, вы можете скопировать пример и посмотреть результаты своего труда в браузере, установленном на вашем компьютере.

Это параграф.

В учебнике HTML для вас подготовлено более 100 онлайн-примеров, благодаря которым вы легко освоите язык разметки. Лучше один раз увидеть, чем сто раз услышать! Теория плюс практика - залог вашего успеха в освоении HTML.

HTML (H ypert ext M arkup L anguage) is the code that is used to structure a web page and its content. For example, content could be structured within a set of paragraphs, a list of bulleted points, or using images and data tables. As the title suggests, this article will give you a basic understanding of HTML and its functions.

HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language that defines the structure of your content. HTML consists of a series of elements , which you use to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content to make it appear a certain way, or act a certain way. The enclosing ", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.">tags can make a word or image hyperlink to somewhere else, can italicize words, can make the font bigger or smaller, and so on. For example, take the following line of content:

My cat is very grumpy

If we wanted the line to stand by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in paragraph tags:

My cat is very grumpy

Let"s explore this paragraph element a bit further.

The main parts of our element are as follows:

Elements can also have attributes that look like the following:

Attributes contain extra information about the element that you don"t want to appear in the actual content. Here, class is the attribute name and editor-note is the attribute value . The class attribute allows you to give the element an identifier that can be used later to target the element with style information and other things.

An attribute should always have the following:

Note : Simple attribute values that don"t contain ASCII whitespace (or any of the characters " " ` = < >) can remain unquoted, but it is recommended that you quote all attribute values, as it makes the code more consistent and understandable.

You can put elements inside other elements too - this is called nesting . If we wanted to state that our cat is very grumpy, we could wrap the word "very" in a element, which means that the word is to be strongly emphasized:

My cat is very grumpy.

You do however need to make sure that your elements are properly nested. In the example above, we opened the

element first, then the element; therefore, we have to close the element first, then the

element. The following is incorrect:

My cat is very grumpy.

The elements have to open and close correctly so that they are clearly inside or outside one another. If they overlap as shown above, then your web browser will try to make the best guess at what you were trying to say, which can lead to unexpected results. So don"t do it!

Some elements have no content and are called empty elements . Take the element that we already have in our HTML page:

This contains two attributes, but there is no closing tag and no inner content. This is because an image element doesn"t wrap content to affect it. Its purpose is to embed an image in the HTML page in the place it appears.

That wraps up the basics of individual HTML elements, but they aren"t handy on their own. Now we"ll look at how individual elements are combined to form an entire HTML page. Let"s revisit the code we put into our index.html example (which we first met in the Dealing with files article):

My test page

Here, we have the following:

• - the doctype. It is required preamble. In the mists of time, when HTML was young (around 1991/92), doctypes were meant to act as links to a set of rules that the HTML page had to follow to be considered good HTML, which could mean automatic error checking and other useful things. However these days, they don"t do much, and are basically just needed to make sure your document behaves correctly. That"s all you need to know for now.
• - the element. This element wraps all the content on the entire page and is sometimes known as the root element.
• - the element. This element acts as a container for all the stuff you want to include on the HTML page that isn"t the content you are showing to your page"s viewers. This includes things like keywords and a page description that you want to appear in search results, CSS to style our content, character set declarations and more.
• - This element sets the character set your document should use to UTF-8 which includes most characters from the vast majority of written languages. Essentially, it can now handle any textual content you might put on it. There is no reason not to set this and it can help avoid some problems later on.
• - the element. This sets the title of your page, which is the title that appears in the browser tab the page is loaded in. It is also used to describe the page when you bookmark/favourite it.
• - the element. This contains all the content that you want to show to web users when they visit your page, whether that"s text, images, videos, games, playable audio tracks or whatever else.

As we said before, it embeds an image into our page in the position it appears. It does this via the src (source) attribute, which contains the path to our image file.

We have also included an alt (alternative) attribute. In this attribute, you specify descriptive text for users who cannot see the image, possibly because of the following reasons:

The keywords for alt text are "descriptive text". The alt text you write should provide the reader with enough information to have a good idea of what the image conveys. In this example, our current text of "My test image" is no good at all. A much better alternative for our Firefox logo would be "The Firefox logo: a flaming fox surrounding the Earth."

Try coming up with some better alt text for your image now.

This section will cover some of the essential HTML elements you"ll use for marking up the text.

Heading elements allow you to specify that certain parts of your content are headings - or subheadings. In the same way that a book has the main title, chapter titles and subtitles, an HTML document can too. HTML contains 6 heading levels, – , although you"ll commonly only use 3 to 4 at most:

My main title My top level heading My subheading My sub-subheading

Now try adding a suitable title to your HTML page just above your element.

Note : You"ll see that your heading level 1 has an implicit style. Don"t use heading elements to make text bigger or bold, because they are used for accessibility and other reasons such as SEO . Try to create a meaningful sequence of headings on your pages, without skipping levels.

A lot of the web"s content is lists and HTML has special elements for these. Marking up lists always consist of at least 2 elements. The most common list types are ordered and unordered lists: